The Political and Civilized Relations between the Emirate of Beni Saleh in Nkur and the Andalusian- Umayyad State

     This research has two aims, first to shed light on the political relations between the Emirate of beni Saleh in Nkur and the Umayyad Andalusian. The second goal is to shed light on the civilized relations between them .
     As regard to the political relations, the study proved that the relations between Nkur and the Umayyad Andalusian characterized by friendliness throughout  the most periods since the Islamic conquest of the Maghreb until the mandate of the Caliph al-Walid bin Abdul Malik. However,  it worsened in the state of Yazed bin Abdul Malik, who was given the mandate of the African to Yazid ibn Abi Muslim who mistreated Berbers. This amounted to a range to hostile relations in the state Omar ibn Abdullah Almoradi who wreaked corruption in Morocco , and this led to political dichotomy of Emirate of Nkur from the state of African, especially after the fall of the Umayyad dynasty and the establishment of the Abbasid state the year 132 AH / 749 AD. The study showed the friendly relations between Nkur and the Umayyad state in Andalusia since the success of Abdul Rahman bin Muawiya "Eldakhel" in its establishment in the year 138 AH / 755 AD . These friendly relations  continued till era of Abdul Rahman  II and his son Mohamed and manifested itself in repelling the attacks of the Normans and the Fatimids on Nkur .
     The study also confirmed the deterioration of political relations between Nkur and Andalusia as a result of several factors. The most important factor is that Abdel-Rahman El Naser adopted a policy of failing to support the Nkur against Fatimids who want to occupy it. The study also showed the depth of the political crisis that shook the pillars of Nkur because of the position of the Andalusian Caliphate which resulted in a split in the ruling house .                                                                                                               
     As regard to the relations of civilization between Nkur and the Umayyed state, the study has proved that it was prosperousin spite of political strikes and wars in  some periods in Nkur . The study showed the movement of scientists and men of letters between Nkur and Andalusia.Researches has proved a boom of economic relations between Nkur and Andalusia especially in time of peace where the trade movement was active . Nkur was the most important centers of grain export in Maghreb, Bjana and Almaria were the most important Andalusian moorings which was receiving ships loaded with wheat of Nkur.