The diversity of window construction techniques and their role in strengthening the walls of religious buildings in Cairo in the Mamluk period (648-923A.H./1250-1517A.D.)

The topic of this research focuses on the development of the techniques of building the windows and their role in reinforcing the walls of religious buildings in Cairo in the Mamluk period, A new subject in its form and content Although there are some previous studies that have referred to forms and models of windows However, this research is unique in highlighting the features of the development of the windows and the effects that were subjected to the first: the spread of the phenomenon of vertical construction in the buildings of the Mamluk religious buildings in Cairo, Which resulted in several architectural treatments, led to the emergence of four major models of the windows of the facades of religious buildings depending on the height of the facade or multiple floors of the building Second: the architect's keenness to observe the direction of the Qibla and the route of organizing the road at the same time. Which led to the mismatch of internal planning with the exterior lines of the building, Which in turn reflected the presence of large distances between each of the two plans, so the architect worked to open a collection of broken windows, helped to reduce wall load,The research also studied the structural methods in the treatment of these windows and their role in reinforcing the walls, and what is the relationship of these treatments to the construction of external window openings with internal treatments.