The nineteenth century is considered one of the important periods in the history of the Arab world, especially Egypt, where more than one political event emerged in the region that had a major impact on the course of life of the Arab Egyptian people, including the French campaign on Egypt in (1798-1801), which paved the way for weakening Ottoman rule and Mamluk tyranny in Egypt. This rule and tyranny were behind the state of backwardness in general. The nature of the campaign and its circumstances led to a violent shock in the life of the Arab Egyptian people, especially the class of scholars and intellectuals, through their contact with the French and the West and their observation of the scientific and technical progress they had reached. This progress had an impact on the state of general awareness at that time. This stage was the beginning of a new stage for the rise and progress of Egypt at the hands of Muhammad Ali, who get hold of authority in 1805 and was able to build a state based on modernization, as he carried out an educational, military, economic, social and intellectual renaissance, as he opened schools, sent missions to Europe, promoted translation, printing operations to transfer European sciences and knowledge, and modernized the army according to the European systems. Furthermore. he opened factories and hospitals, built palaces,
SAADI ESSA, N. S. (2025). Modernization in Egypt During the Nineteenth Century. Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, 53(2), 231-255. doi: 10.21608/aafu.2025.350978.1790
MLA
NOUR SAAD SAADI ESSA. "Modernization in Egypt During the Nineteenth Century", Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, 53, 2, 2025, 231-255. doi: 10.21608/aafu.2025.350978.1790
HARVARD
SAADI ESSA, N. S. (2025). 'Modernization in Egypt During the Nineteenth Century', Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, 53(2), pp. 231-255. doi: 10.21608/aafu.2025.350978.1790
VANCOUVER
SAADI ESSA, N. S. Modernization in Egypt During the Nineteenth Century. Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, 2025; 53(2): 231-255. doi: 10.21608/aafu.2025.350978.1790
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