Democratic transitions in the Kyrgyz Republic Fiscal period (1991-2021)

This study seeks to shed light on the political development in Kyrgyzstan as one of the most important models in post-communism. Kyrgyzstan is  one of the earliest independent republics that chose democracy and was a target of Western aid in support of these transitions. However, nearly thirty years after the democratic transition process in Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyz society still faces many political challenges. Therefore, this research raises a main question: What are the main challenges facing democratic transformations in Kyrgyzstan? And how will it affect the future and shape of the Kyrgyz political system? This study argues that there are several internal and external factors that affect the fate of democratic transformations in Kyrgyzstan. The most important of which is the swing between the presidential and parliamentary systems, political violence, political elite struggle, corruption, organized crime, the economic factor, and ethnic conflicts, In addition to the intervention of international powers, the most important of which are the USA, Russia and China. The geopolitical importance of Kyrgyzstan increased, especially in the wake of the events of September 11, when the United States sought to establish a military transit base for its operations towards Afghanistan, and this was a reason for the struggle of US-Russian influence in Kyrgyzstan. The Chinese role in Kyrgyzstan has also grown through the economic portal that China launched through its global economic project, which is known as "the Belt and the Road." Despite the richness of Kyrgyzstan in natural resources, especially gold and minerals, it faces great economic challenges due to the debt policy pursued by China in building its investment projects in the countries located on the Silk Road. This requires efforts in regional and international cooperation to enable Kyrgyzstan to overcome these challenges and lift it from becoming a vocal point for the export of terrorism, extremism and organized crime. Thus, this study reaches the conclusion that addressing these structural imbalances will contribute to strengthening the democratic path and fighting any deviations in the political process by strengthening economic cooperation, law enforcement and regional coordination, which are important steps on the way to achieving political stability in the country.