الإحالة في رواية" حاصل گهاٹ " لـ " بانو قدسيہ " في ضوء النظرية التداولية

This research deals with" Reference" in the novel "Haasil Ghaat" for Bano Qudsia. Under the heading of reference we encounter one of the most fundamental and vital aspects of language and language use, namely, the relations between language, as a medium of communication between human beings, and the world, about which we communicate. One of the most basic things that we do when we communicate through language is to pick out entities in the world and ascribe properties to them, or indicate relations between them. Reference is concerned with designating entities in the world by linguistic means. The research deals the definition of Reference and its types, Referring expressions and the researcher apply it  on novel .The importance of this research in that to clarify the role of the reference in Textual cohesion , create text world, and remove confusion and ambiguity from referring expressions that by Assigned  those expressions to its referents.  By that addressee can understand the text.
The researcher has followed in this study the descriptive approach, which based on the reference description as one aspect of the theory of Pragmatics,and she has adopted mainly on the novels well as Arabic and foreign related references